Proceedings of the T.I.Vyazemsky Karadag scientific station - Nature Reserve of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Journal renamed "Biodiversity and sustainable development". Launched in February 2016. Certificates of registration: ПИ № ФС 77 - 76870 от 11.10.2019. Founder: A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS. Publisher: A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS. ISSN 2712-9586. Languages: Russian, English. Periodicity: four issues a year. The journal is registered in the bibliographic database of scientific publications of Russian scientists of RSCI (Russian Scientific Citation Index), the articles are placed in the scientific electronic library eLIBRARY.RU. The journal publishes articles according to the following headings: - study of biodiversity and environmental monitoring; - experimental hydrobiology; - geographic, geological and paleontological studies; - historical, archaeological and art studies; - chronicles; - reviews. Authors do not need to pay an article-processing charge. The payment of royalties is not provided. Only articles that were not previously published or submitted to other journals are allowed for publication (an exception is for abstracts and proceedings of conferences, symposiums, meetings etc.). Presented articles should be of high theoretical level, meet the level of latest achievements of world science and practice. Literary norms of language must be followed. Languages of publications are Russian and English. Editor-in-Chief: Gorbunov Roman Vyacheslavovich – D. Sc. in Geography, Director, A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS. Managing Editor: Maltsev Vladimir Innokentievich – Candidate of Sciences in Biology (equiv. Ph.D), Senior Researcher of the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Physiology of Aquatic Organisms, T.I. Vyazemsky Karadag Scientific Station – Nature Reserve of the RAS. Technical Editor: Mironyuk Olga Andreevna – Junior Researcher, A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS Postal address: A. O. Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas of RAS, 2 Nakhimov ave., Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation. Tel.: +7 8692 54-41-10. Fax: +7 8692 55-78-13. E-mail: karadag.trudy@yandex.ru
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Федеральный исследовательский центр «Институт биологии южных морей имени А. О. Ковалевского РАН»
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Geographical information about the Northern Caucasus: source base (XVIII–XIXth centuries)
This work is a continuation of a series of works on the history of geographical research in the North Caucasus. The article analyzes materials devoted to the study of nature, natural resources, and the population of the region. The importance of the works that laid the foundation for the formation of scientific geographical ideas about the North Caucasus, the role of academic expeditions of the second half of the 18th century, which influenced the development of science not only in Russia, but throughout the world, is noted. It is shown that the results of academic expeditions laid the foundation for the development of new scientific areas, including Caucasian studies, and the development of regional studies in the future.
Historical, archaeological and art history research
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Landscape evaluation for determining cultivated space for developmet of perennial cropping area in two districts of Viet–Laos border in Kon Tum province
This article discusses the landscape approach applied in classifying landscape and evaluates the adapting abilityof some types ofperennial plants in two mountainousdistricts of Vietnam–Laos borderin Kon Tum province (Ngoc Hui and Dak Glei). The territory of Ngoc Hoi and Đak Glei districts is divided into 3 layers, 7 sub-layers, 67 types, 236 sorts belonging to 4 sub-landscapes regions. Two sub-landscapes were selected for assessment of ecological adaptation and spatial orientation of development of perennial cropping area. The results determine: Area for cultivation of coffee trees is 8630,25 hectares, area for cultivation of rubber trees is 15 920,83 hectares, area for cultivation of Boi Loi trees is 10 193,67 hectares. The above-mentioned results are recommended as the scientific basis for Ngoc Hoi and Dak Glei districts to plan the area for perennial crops.
Geographic, geological and paleontological research
Classification and mapping of landscape of Truong Sa Islands, Vietnam at the scale of 1:250 000
Marine landscapes study is a new direction of modern geography, formed and developed in Western countries and Russia and other countries. In Vietnam, research on marine landscapes is still very limited. On the basis of clarifying the concept, applying remote sensing — GIS and complex field methods, a classification system has been established and a landscape map of the Truong Sa Islands has been drawn at a scale of 1:250 000. The study area includes 1 system, 1 sub-system, 4 classes, 7 sub-classes and 20 landscape types. The highest diversity is the marine landscapes, with 3 classes, 6 sub-classes and 19 landscape types. The island landscape class only includes 1 landscape type of tropical island vegetation. The offshore shallow marine landscape class (0–200 m) covers a small area but is differentiated, consisting of 2 classes (50 % of the total classes) and 9 types (45 % of the total types). The landscape of tropical islands is strongly changed in both solid vegetation cover and hydrological regime, in which many entities have soil cover, and a mixed vegetation of both continental and island flora. The landscape of the offshore shallow sea, especially 100 m uppermost layer, is mainly composed of corals and other reef organism groups. The landscape structures of the Truong Sa Islands represent not only the characteristics of their constituent components but also the dynamics of the landscape, especially in the marine domain.
Productivity of Arthrospira platensis Gomont 1892 culture under natural light conditions
The growth of the Arthrospira platensis batch culture under natural and artificial illumination at different culture layer depth and the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) energy supplied to the pond surface were investigated. The experiments were conducted in horizontal photobioreactor during 2021–2022 in the Sevastopol area. The calculation of the average A. platensis culture productivity in the linear growth area and the maximum culture density at the stationary phase was carried out. It was shown that under natural illumination, the average A. platensis culture productivity in the linear growth phase varied between 2.8 and 12.2 g DW∙m-2 ∙day-1, with a maximum culture density varying from 43 to 120 g DW∙m-2. Taking into account the partial light reflection from the surface of the algobiotechnological unit, the total value of solar energy in the PAR area per day was determined, which ranged from 1.95 to 8.73 MJ∙m-2 in January and July, respectively. It was noted that A. platensis cultivated in the ponds with different culture layer depth yields in 7 days were the same and amounted to 70–75 g DW∙m-2. In the control experiment under artificial illumination, no effect of CO2 on the growth rate of A. platensis was detected: average productivity was 13–14 g DW∙m-2 ∙day-1 both with CO2 addition and without it, the maximum culture density was 125 g DW∙m-2. Based on the analysis of the obtained experimental and published data, it was shown that the dependence of average productivity on irradiance in the PAR area can be described by a polygonal line. In the light limitation area, the slope ratio of the linear regression was 2.3 g∙MJ-1. Considering the average biomass caloric content, the average photosynthesis efficiency was 5.3 %.
Flora of the «Noviy Svet» botanical reserve and surrounding natural landscapes of the southeastern Crimea
The results of studying the flora of the «Novy Svet» botanical reserve and adjacent landscapes are presented. The annotated list of vascular plants was compiled, including 471 species and subspecies from 276 genera of 68 families. 446 species and subspecies from 264 genera of 65 families were identified directly in the protected area, three of them are cultivated, eight are aliens, including two transformers. The systematic and arealogical structure of the flora was analyzed. It has been established that the studied flora belongs to the Brassicaceae subtype of the Fabaceae type. The leading families are Asteraceae, Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Caryophyllaceae Lamiaceae, Rosaceae, Apiaceae, Orchidaceae, Rubiaceae, Boraginaceae, Asparagaceae. The leading genera are Alyssum, Astragalus, Bromus, Centaurea, Galium, Linum. 78 % of the floristic composition are spreading in Old-Mediterranean. There are 15 Crimean endemic there, one of them — Valerianella falconida — are described from the Novy Svet. There are 74 legaly protected species, 70 of them noted on the territory of the reserve. 24 species are included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, 73 species are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Crimea, 14 species are protected by the International Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and one is included in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Plants, three species — in Annex 1 of Resolution No. 6 of the Bern Convention, two species —in Appendix 1 of the European Red List. Appendix 2 of the same List includes 48 species of the crop wild relatives.
Biodiversity research and environmental monitoring
Anthropogenic transformation of landscape (by the example of the Republic of Altai)
This article attempts to quantify the spatial transformation of the landscapes of three administrative districts of the Altai Republic (Maiminsky, Kosh-Agachsky and Ust-Koksinsky) due to anthropogenic impact. The change in the built-up area for the period from 2017 to 2021 was used as a key factor. As a result, it was found that the areal changes in the built-up area of the settlements of the studied administrative regions can be considered moderate, the values of the indicator do not reach those observed for individual territories in developing countries, but are comparable and exceed the maximum levels of some developed countries, such as Germany and the Czech Republic.
Landscape investigations of the natural monument «Coastal aquatic complex at the cape Fiolent»
Information about the landscape structure is given and a landscape map of the nature monument of regional significance «Coastal marine protected areas at the Cape Fiolent» (south-western coast of Sevastopol) is compiled. Landscape researches (2020–2021) were carried out by the method of landscape profiling in key areas. As a result of the study, the landscape structure of the land part and the adjacent territory was clarified and detailed, 3 terrains and 8 tracts were identified. The terrain is dominated by steep and precipitous slopes, composed of igneous and sedimentary limestone rocks with pistachio-juniper sparsely wooded in combination with a forest of Pistacia mutica and Quercus pubescens on brown soils. The landscapes of the terrestrial part have a high attractiveness, perform an important environmental function: they form a habitat, are soil-protective and water-regulating. During the study of the natural monument «Coastal marine protected areas at the Cape Fiolent», the landscape map of the coastal zone was compiled, 3 terrains, 8 tracts were identified. The landscape structure of the coastal area is characterized by areas of a block-boulder bench and an underwater slope composed of coarse-detrital deposits, where Ericaria crinita and Gongolaria barbata prevails. Underwater landscapes of the natural monument are also characterized by preservation, high production indicators of macrophytobenthos. Many species of marine flora of the natural monument are protected at the regional, state and international level. To ensure the integrity and preservation of biological and landscape diversity, it is advisable to use a systematic approach to the protection of the coastal zone, which will ensure the best results in the conservation and restoration of terrestrial and marine ecosystems.
Testing of bottom sediments from the gulf of Finland using amphipod survival and cardiacity of unionid molluscs
This article presents the results of a combined assessment of bottom sediments from different parts of the eastern Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) using biotesting on the survival of the amphipod Gmelinoides fasciatus (Stebbing, 1899) and on the cardiac activity of the bivalve mollusks Anodonta anatina (Linnaeus, 1758) and the determination of pollutants (petroleum products, metals, organotin compounds) in bottom sediments. The survival of amphipods correlated with the content of TBT and heavy metals, especially lead, and cardio resistance (time to restore the heart rate after loading) of mollusks was most sensitive to oil pollution. At the same time, both indicator species revealed the disturbed state of the habitat at the same stations. A good indication of both indicators in relation to the potential toxicity of bottom sediments was revealed and, secondly, the importance of using both indicators in combination, since they are sensitive to the effects of various kinds of pollution. Such features may be related with the activity and feeding type of the animal species used as test objects.
Functional parameters of the bivalwe mollusk ark shell (Anadara broughtonii) hemolymph under exposure to hypoxia
Investigation of negative consequences of significant climate change on various types of aquatic organisms is an actual area of physiological research. Among key factors directly influencing aquatic organisms inhabiting coastal waters of the World Ocean at cellular and molecular levels, hypoxia plays a major role. In the present work, we studied the effect of short-term (24 h) and long-term (72 h) hypoxia on hemolymph cellular composition hemocyte morphology, and intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) content in the commercial bivalve (Anadara broughtonii). Under the experiment in vivo, we showed that hypoxia is not associated with shifts in the hemolymph cellular composition of the ark shell, and also does not affect the morphology of hemocytes. At the same time, short-term hypoxia (24 h) lead to a decrease in the level of ROS production by hemocytes. Results of the present work indicate that ark shell possesses mechanisms that compensate oxygen deficiency; these mechanisms allow maintaining the efficacy of hemocyte cellular immune reactions by recovery of the level of spontaneous ROS production under prolonged hypoxia.
Spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration in hydrological, hydrochemical and hydroptical conditions of the Black sea in spring 2021
According to the data of cruise 116 of the R/V «Professor Vodyanitsky» in April — May 2021, the features of the spatial distribution of the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl) were analyzed, taking into account hydrological, hydrochemical and hydrooptical environmental factors in the upper 50-meter layer of the northeastern part of the Black Sea. The influence of hydrological and hydrooptical environmental factors on the spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a (Chl) concentration in the upper 50-meter layer of the northeastern part of the Black Sea by the data of 116 cruise of the R/V «Professor Vodyanitsky» in April — May 2021, were analyzed. The highest mean values of Chl 2,3 ± 0,7 µg/l were observed in the 0–20 m layer and the lowest 0,6 ± 0,3 µg/l at 50 m in the region of the Southern Coast of Crimea (South Coast) and the Caucasus. In areas with maximum Chl, high values of water temperatures (13,3 ± 0,6 °C), oxygen concentrations (7,5 ± 0,1 µg/kg) at low salinity values (18,4 ± 0,1 psu) were revealed, which was confirmed by correlation analysis. Significant positive relationships were established between the concentration of chlorophyll-a and temperature (r = 0,8), oxygen (r = 0,5), turbidity (r = 0,9) and negative — with salinity (r = –0,6) in the 20 m layer in the Caucasus region. Similar connections are established at 50 m in the South Coast region. The highest Chl values in areas with high oxygen concentrations indicate the accumulation of phytoplankton in them, which releases oxygen during photosynthesis. High turbidity values characterize the presence of suspended matter in these areas. After a warm winter, low Сhl values were observed in April 2021, by satellite observations was confirmed. The Chl maximum observed in the deep part of the sea coincided with the temperature minimum, salinity maximum, which is associated with the rise of water from deeper layers to the surface due to Ekman pumping. The Rim current had a zonal orientation with two current velocity maxima (3.5 cm/s) near the SCC and (2.5 cm/s) and Caucasus coast. The surface waters circulation explains the largest area of distribution of chlorophyll-a with concentration > 2,5 μg/l in the western part of the investigation region.
New data by morphology of Amphipoda of Microprotopus cf. maculatus (Microprotopidae, Amphipoda) from the Black Sea (Sevastopol, Crimea)
Currently in the Black Sea registered one species from genus Microprotopus Norman, 1867 — M. longimanus Chevreux, 1887. Taxonomical status of second species M. minutus Sowinsky, 1894 undefined and tentatively synonymous of M. longimanus. The presence of the species M. maculatus Norman, 1867 needs to be confirmed because there is no description and illustrations for this species. In this work give detailed analysis of morphology specimens from genus Microprotopus from the Black Sea (Crimea, Sevastopol, Lebijachii Islands) and SEM photos of these species. A comparative analysis of specimens from the Crimean coast and other species of the genus is given. According to the research results, the taxonomic status of the species from the Crimean coast is M. cf. maculatus.
comparative analysis with species of the genus Microprotopus
Excursions of the VII St. Petersburg session of the International Geological Congress of 1897 in the Crimea
The article recreates the events of the Crimean part of the southern excursion of the VII session of the International Geological Congress of 1897. The first Guide to the Karadag mountain range by A. E. Lagorio is presented in Russian for the first time. Descriptions of the Crimea by domestic organizers and foreign participants of excursions of the VII session of the Geological Congress have been collected and translated. The work is timed to the 125th anniversary of the VII session of the International Geological Congress. All translations of texts from foreign languages are made by the author of the article.
Distribution of thermohaline and hydrochemical characteristics in the coastal waters of Karadag in june and september 2020
The results of the study of thermohaline and hydrochemical characteristics measured in June and September 2020 in coastal waters of Karadag Nature Reserve and Koktebel Bay were presented. Unprecedentedly high salinity values were noted, which reflect the salinization trends over the last 8–9 years. High oxygen supply throughout the water column under study and no oxygen deficiency in the bottom layer were demonstrated. From the BOD5 values (below the maximum permissible level, MPL), oxidizability (whose mean value is below MPL), and the pollution coefficient Кз (BOD5 / oxidizability) not exceeding 1.0, the water area can be ranked as unpolluted. The range of dissolved organic matter (Сров) variation in June 2020 practically matched those obtained in previous years and showed no organics accumulation. From the mineral-to-total phosphorus ratio values Рmin : Рtot < 30 % (at 12 out of 14 stations) and high concentrations of silicate and phosphate, the impact of the Azov Sea waters on the hydrochemical structure of the water area under study was revealed. The distribution of the hydrochemical characteristics in the 2-m-wide foreshore area was uneven and was characterized by increased nutrient concentrations as compared to the nearshore waters. Given the low oxidizability values, no organic matter accumulation in the 2-m-wide foreshore area was noted.
thermohaline and hydrochemical characteristics
Ground-level ozone in non-industrial areas of St. Petersburg and Crimea
The results of a comparative analysis of the results of measurements of ground-level ozone concentration at the stations Karadag (Crimea) and Sestroretsk (Kurortny district of St. Petersburg) for the period from January to October 2019 are presented. Despite the remoteness of the stations from industrial centers and highways, for most of the measuring period, the values of ground-level ozone concentration at both stations exceed the average daily limit.the permissible value in the Russian Federation is 30 micrograms/m3. The excess of ground-level ozone concentrations in Karadag compared to Sestroretsk was revealed in most months. The maximum hourly average concentrations of ozone at Karadag reach the maximum one-time maximum permissible concentration of 160 micrograms/m3. During the cold period of the year, from January to April, there were similar trends in changes in ground-level ozone concentrations at two stations. With the onset of warm weather and an increase in the level of insolation, the amount of ozone in Sestroretsk decreased, and the spring-summer maximum concentration of O3, typical for a number of other areas, was absent here. The correlation of ozone concentration with meteorological parameters at two stations was revealed, noticeable differences in the nature of the dependences of surface O3 values on humidity and air temperature for the territories under consideration were noted. The temperature of the surface air on Karadag positively, and the relative humidity negatively correlate with the concentration of ozone. Thus, hot and dry weather on Karadag contributes to episodes of elevated values of the concentration of surface ozone.
empirical distribution function of tropospheric ozone concentration
Benthic algae of the natural monument «Coastal aquatic complex near cape Lucullus» and their spatial distribution
The article presents the results of the study of the benthic flora of the natural monument «Coastal aquatic complex near Cape Lukull» (Black Sea) in the summer period of 2020. The hydro-botanical studies covered such key areas as Cape Tubek, Lukull and Vai Vai. The flora of the monument includes macroalgae of 61 species of Chlorophyta, Ochrophyta and Rhodophyta. The basis of the taxonomic diversity of the flora is formed by Rhodophyta among the divisions, by Cladophora, Ulva, Polysiphonia, Ceramium and their corresponding families and orders among the superspecific taxa. Horizontal distribution of macrophytobenthos from Tyubek cape to Vai Vai cape is characterized by increase in taxonomic diversity of phytocenosis and red algae included in it, total and average number of brown algae species, range of variation of green species number. The Shannon index, diversity, and proportion of species with small relative phytomass increase. At the same time, the Pielu index, average phytomass, and span of variation of the index for phytocenosis and brown algae decrease, and the diversity of groups included in the system of productive dominance decreases. The variability of species composition and phytomass by depth is moderate. At each horizon, the variability of species composition is lower than that of phytomass. The number of species of Chlorophyta decreases with depth, the bathymetric changes of Ochrophyta are insignificant, Rhodophyta show a clearly expressed minimum of species diversity at 1 m and approximately the same level in other horizons. The average phytomass of Chlorophyta decreases with increasing depth, with Ochrophyta such dependence is observed starting from 3 m. In Rhodophyta, at a depth of 0.5 to 3 m, the average phytomass is approximately at the same level, and increases threefold deeper.
The experience of using Moerike traps in the study of Coleoptera (Insecta, Coleoptera) in the south-east of the Black sea coast of Crimea
The analysis of stationary collections of beetles obtained using Moerike traps lines during two seasons (2020 and 2021) at several sites in the South-Eastern Crimea, including the Nature Reserve «Karadagsky» and the Wildlife Sanctuary «Ridge Tepe-Oba», was carried out. In total, about 2000 beetles from 28 families were collected. Anthophilic species from the families Mordellidae, Buprestidae, Oedemeridae, Meloidae, Tenebrionidae (subfamily Alleculinae), Coccinellidae, and Cleridae quantitatively predominated in the sample. On the contrary, the quantitative and qualitative efficiency of collecting specialized groups of phytophagous beetles (Chrysomelidae and Curculionoidea) turned out to be low (34 species, which is less than 10% of the potential composition of local faunas). At the same time, the weevil Pachytychius transcaucasicus Pic, 1913 collected in a single specimen was recorded for the Crimean fauna for the first time. The analysis of the seasonal dynamics of collections showed that the maximum number and diversity of beetles in collections falls in June. The use of Moerike traps is recommended as an additional method for stationary study of local faunas and seasonal activity of anthophilic beetles.
Benthic fauna of the Kruglaya bay (Black sea, Crimea). Part II: taxonomic composition and quantitative characteristics of macrozoobenthos in the soft-bottom biotope
The Kruglaya Bay (formerly known as Omega) is located in the northern part of the Heracles Peninsula, Sevastopol city. Since it is situated within the city boundaries and is broadly used for recreational activities, there is a strong need to monitor the state of its ecosystem. The aim of this work is to summarize the results of studies on taxonomic composition and quantitative characteristics of the macrozoobenthos of the soft sediments based on the data taken in 1990, 2004 and 2013. During this period, 173 species of macrobenthic animals were recorded, including Annelida ― 67 species, Crustacea ― 50, Mollusca ― 43, Bryozoa ― 4, Cnidaria ― 3, Echinodermata ― 2, Chordata ― 1 species. Members of Chironomidae (larvae), Plathyhelmintes, and Nemertea were recorded as well. Considering the new results and literature data, 212 species of macrobenthic animals are known from the Kruglaya Bay. Macrozoobenthos of the studied area is mainly comprised of a bivalve Chamelea gallina community, which spatial dominance declined in the 2000s. Annual mean values of benthos abundance and biomass varies within 679–5900 ind./m2 and 38.5–151.9 g/m2. The highest abundance was registered for polychaeta Protodorvillea kefersteini, the highest biomass ― for bivalve Chamelea gallina. In the southwestern part of the bay, near the artificial beaches and piers, the biological richness has shown evidence for depletion. The сorner part of the bay is occupied by a community of bivalve Cerastoderma glaucum, developed on a highly silted sandy sediments with hydrogen-sulfide contamination in the subsurface horizon. Also, in the shallow corner part of bay, the freshwater species have been recorded ― this indicates the presence of natural and/or artificial springs there. Overall, results of the study indicate a species-rich high biomass benthic community of macrofauna developed under the anthropogenic pressure in the Kruglaya Bay.
Landscape researches coastal zone natural monument «Costal marine protected areas at cape Sarych»
The article provides information about the landscape structure of the hydrological natural monument «Costal Marine Protected Areas at Cape Sarych» (Southern coast of Crimea, Sevastopol). The landscape diversity of the natural monument is due to the presence of sea and land landscapes, the formation of which occurs in the contact zone between land and sea. Landscape research (2019–2020) were being held by applying the method of detailed study of key areas alongside landscape profiling. During the study of the natural monument, the landscape structure of the land part and the adjacent territory was clarifiedand detailed, 2 terrains and 7 tracts were identified. The terrain is dominated by the coastal erosion-denudation with oak-juniper sparsely wooded and cliff with active development of landslide processes, while the ground vegetation is quite poor. For the first time, a landscape map of the coastal zone and the adjacent water area was compiled, 3 terrains and 7 tracts were identified. The block-boulder bulk and slope composed of coarse-detrital deposits dominated by Ericaria crinita. The slope is also composed of coarse-detrital deposits, dominated by Ericaria crinita and Gongolaria barbata, and alternating pebble-gravel deposits with a bit of shells, where Phyllophora crispa prevails. On a slightly sloping plain, composed of psammitic deposits, dominated by Phyllophora crispа; composed of gravel-rubble bottom sediments with broken shells, dominated by Phyllophora crispа and Codium vermilara. Based on the landscape approach, recommendations are proposed for optimizing the conservation regime of a natural monument.
Study of the temperature effect on the specific growth rate of Arthrospira platensis culture
The work is focused on mathematical modeling of temperature on the specific growth rate of microalgae culture. The analysis of classical models that describe the temperature kinetics of microalgae growth is carried out. Batch curves of the cyanoprokaryota A. platensis were obtained at different temperature values. At the exponential growth phase, the maximum specific rate of culture was determined, which at 17 °C was minimal and amounted to 0.32 day-1, and at 30 °C it was maximal and equal to 0.85 day-1. In the field of physiological norm, the possibility of using a linear splines to describe the dependence of the specific growth rate on temperature for A. platensis, green and diatom microalgae is shown.
Age-related features of the prooxidant-antioxidant system parameters in blood of black scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus L., 1758 from Sevastopol coastal area (the Black sea)
Age-related features of the prooxidant-antioxidant system parameters (activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (PER), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and oxidized protein levels) in blood of black scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus L., 1758 from Sevastopol coastal area (the Black Sea) were studied. A decrease in SOD, CAT, GST activities in fish blood erythrocytes of older age groups (5+–6+) compared to younger specimens aged 2+–3+ was found. Oxidized protein levels (neutral aldehydes and ketones, basic aldehydes) in the blood serum of fish aged 5+–6+ significantly exceeded the corresponding values of individuals aged 2+–4+. For the correct application of the blood prooxidant-antioxidant system parameters of black scorpionfish in the ecotoxicological assessment of the marine coastal water state, it is necessary to take into account fish age and conduct research on single age group of individuals, preferably dominant in catches.
Sex features of proxidant-antioxidant blood system of round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) from the Black sea and the sea of Azov
The analysis of indicators of the prooxidant-antioxidant system parameters (activity of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (PER), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and oxidized protein levels) in the blood of round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) specimens of different sexes from the coastal regions of the Black Sea (Sevastopol) and the Sea of Azov was carried out. A decrease in the activity of CAT, SOD (by 1.3–2 times) and an increase in the oxidized protein levels in the blood of males from the Sevastopol waters in comparison with similar indicators of females were found. In fish from the Sea of Azov, the sex differences were weakly pronounced. Analysis of blood biomarkers in the fish specimens of different sexes from two seas showed a higher level of oxidized proteins and low activities of CAT, SOD and GST in the blood of round goby males from the Black Sea. The results obtained make it possible to recommend carrying out bioindication studies using prooxidant-antioxidant blood system parameters of round goby on the same sex specimens, preferably males.
Fauna of the Kruglaya bay (the Black sea, Crimea). Part 1.Epiphyton of macrophytes
The study of macrozoobenthos in epiphyton of macrophytes of various genera was carried out: Cystoseira sp., Ulva rigida C. Agardh, 1823, Padina pavonica Linnaeus (Thivy), 1960, Spermatochnus paradoxus (Roth) Kutzig, 1843, Phyllophora sp. + Corallina sp., Cladostephus spongiosus (Hudson) C.Agardh, 1817, Cladophora sp. and Zostera sp. Epiphyton of macrophytes in the water area of Kruglaya bay is represented by 7 taxonomic groups: Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Crustacea, Polychaeta, Platyhelminthes, Chironomidae. The previously insufficiently studied epiphytic communities of P. pavonica, U. rigida, Cladophora sp., S. paradoxus, and C. spongiosus are represented by a rich species composition and quantitative charasteristic of animals living in them. In the associations of macrophytes of the water area Kruglaya bay, 48 species of benthic macrofauna were found. The abundance of macrozoobenthos varied from 1204 to 11588 ind./kg, biomass ― from 4,9 to 26,4 g/kg. The maximum abundance of benthic animals was recorded on the alga C. spongiosus, and the biomass on Cystoseira sp. The trophic structure of macrophyte communities is represented by phytophages, detritus, polyphages, carnivores and ectoparasites, as well as species with an unknown nutritional spectrum. By the number of species and abundance, detritivores predominate, but phytophages in terms of biomass.
Oceanological values fields structure around the northern coast of Sevastopol seaside (the Black sea) in february 2020
Based on the survey data conducted by Marine Hydrophysical Institute in February 2020, the water dynamics peculiarities, thermohaline structure, total suspended and colored dissolved organic matter fields’ structures in the northern coast of the Sevastopol seaside region were analyzed. It is shown that under conditions of weakly expressed dynamics in the studied water area, the open sea waters interacted with the freshened and cooled by the river runoff coastal waters. In the area of the Kacha river mouth, the total suspended matter of anthropogenic origin concentration local maximum was found. An anthropogenic component was presented throughout the entire water area in the field of the colored dissolved organic matter concentration. The local maxima of this value concentration were found in three areas (near the Lyubimovka village and the Belbek river mouth, the Kacha river mouth, near Andreevka village). The pollution sources of considered water area have been identified.
Expeditional researches of the caucasus (late 19 th century) under the leadership of A. Inostrantsev
The work is devoted to an analytical review of expeditionary research (geological and hydrological), which were carried out in the Caucasus under the leadership of A. A. Inostrantsev in the 90s of the 19th century. The results of geological studies at the end of the 19th century, carried out in connection with engineering work on the construction of the Vladikavkaz ― Tiflis railway, are generalized. The results of surveys of geological parties formed for three key sections of the railway line and the upcoming tunneling works are considered. During the research, factual material was collected on the geology of the study area, which served for the development of petrography. It is shown that the Caucasian geological research has played a significant role and influenced the development of geology in Russia and the world. It is noted that hydrogeological research under the guidance of A. A. Inostrantsev helped to solve an important issue of water supply for the region.
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Landscapes distribution of the Crimean peninsula by absolute altitudes
In the article quantitative data on the absolute elevation of the relief within the taxonomic units of the landscapes of the Crimean Peninsula are provided. It was found that in a number of works of the early years, incomplete and scattered data on the absolute altitudes of the landscapes of the Crimean Peninsula are given. It is established that the value of the absolute altitudes of the relief is a factor that has a great influence on the differentiation of the landscape sphere of the Crimean Peninsula at high taxonomic units and gradually, the influence of this factor is smoothed out when allocating smaller taxonomic units.
Distribution and migration of chemical elements in soils of the Magnitnyj ridge (Karadag nature reserve)
The article considers the distribution and migration of some chemical elements within the soil catena, that laid in the territory of the Karadag mountain group. The catena is represented by three points (soil profile cuts), which laid on the top of the ridge Magnitnyj, as well as on its slopes north-west and south-east exposures. The soil profile cuts are laid in automorphic and trans-accumulative conditions of soil formation. Descriptions of each soil profile cut are given, and chemical analysis of soil samples of each horizon is carried out. The actual acidity, the amount of humus, the content of some micro- and macroelements in total and active forms have been determined for the soil samples. The nature of distribution and migration of some chemical elements within the soil profile cuts and soil catena in general is considered. In the article it is noted that there is a migration of the studied elements from soils formed in automorphic conditions on watershed area of ridge Magnitnyj (soil profile cut № 2) and their accumulation in the co-located forest landscapes on the slopes (soil profile cuts № 1 and № 3). It is revealed that the concentration of all studied elements in the upper soil horizons is higher on slopes, which are associated with trans-accumulative conditions of soil formation, than on the watershed surface, associated with automorphic conditions of soil formation.
Volga river delta: statistical trends of water regime
The statistical quantitative indicators of some characteristics of the Volga River water regime and the specific features of their dynamics was carried out in this work over several time periods with a total coverage of observation years from 1881 to 2019. Methods of mathematical statistics were used as analysis tools. In the dynamics of water runoff, two periods have been identified: before the 50s and after the 50s of the XX century. The first of them is characterized by a greater amplitude of fluctuations between periods of large and small discharges of water in the section of the Volzhskaya hydroelectric power station, greater variability and spread of indicators; the second periodischaracterizedbyasmallerspreadbetweendischargelevels, butsignificantlyshorterintervalsbetweenyears with higher and lower water levels.
Study of tissue growth processes in the black sea bivalve mollusc species in coasteal biocenoses of sevastopol and south coast of crimea (1987–2018)
The review from personal observation and literary data on the morpho-physiological and biochemical parametris of tissue growth processes of Black sea bivalvia mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lam.), Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1783), Anadara kagoshimensis (Tokunaga, 1906) and Flexopecten glaber ponticus (Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus1889), inhabiting from coastal biocenosis near Sevastopol and the southern coast of Crimea is presented. Using the main criteria for assessing somatic growth resulted in the following main indicators, such as wet and dry mass, the content of total ribonucleic acids (RNA), DNA, protein content, as well as the growth indices of RNA / DNA and RNA / wet mass.
Seasonal dynamics of the antioxidant enzyme activities in blood of mass fish species from Sevastopol coastal area (the Black sea)
The seasonal dynamics of the antioxidant enzyme activities (catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione-S-transferase) in the blood erythrocytes of black scorpionfish Scorpaena porcus, pickarel Spicara flexuosa, horse mackerel Trachurus mediterraneus from the Sevastopol coastal area are investigated. It has been revealed that activity of the antioxidant enzymes changes throughout the year. It is associated with the existence of the seasonal physiological rhythms in fish, peculiarities of their biology and ecology as well as the different level of anthropogenic impact in each period of the year. When assessing the state of fish and their habitats by using the studied parameters as biomarkers, it is of importance to take into consideration the limits of their natural variability to interpret correctly the research results.
Age features of the proxidant-antioxidant blood system of the round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) from the Black sea and the sea of Azov
Age-related changes of the prooxidant-antioxidant system parameters (activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (PER), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione transferase (GT) and oxidized protein levels) in the blood of round goby Neogobius melanostomus (Pallas, 1814) from the coastal regions of the Black Sea (Sevastopol) and the Sea of Azov were carried out. A significant decrease in the activity of CAT and GR in blood erythrocytes of fish from the Black Sea at the age of 2+ compared as to the group 0+–1+ and an increase in the oxidized protein levels in the blood serum of older age groups fish were established. In the Azov Sea gobies, a similar relationship was noted ― the activity of SOD and GR was significantly lower in the blood of fish aged 2+ as compared to the 0+–1+ group. At the same time, no significant changes in the oxidized protein levels in their blood serum have been established. A higher oxidized protein levels in the round goby serum blood from the Black Sea as compared to that in same age individuals from the Sea of Azov indicates a less ecologically safe state of the Sevastopol waters. The results obtained make it possible to recommend carrying out bioindication studies using prooxidant-antioxidant blood system parameters of round goby in one age group.